Melatonin in dogs: mechanisms and applications for behavioral issues: Commentary on current state of art and future perspectives

Abstract

Melatonin is a multifaceted neurohormone primarily synthesized by the pineal gland. It offers the capacity to enhance the management of behavioral issues in domestic canines. Scientific data supporting its therapeutic value is scarce and varied, despite its widespread off-label clinical application. This commentary summarizes current knowledge regarding the clinical uses and mechanisms of action of melatonin in addressing behavioral disorders in dogs. Clinical evidence supports the potential impact in managing preoperative anxiety, noise phobia, separation-related disorders, compulsive behaviors, and canine cognitive disorders. The recommended dosage is in a range of 1.5 to 6 mg, depending on the dog's weight; the dosage needs to be delivered every 8 to 24 hours, contingent upon the therapeutic circumstances. The safety profile is favorable with negligible side effects. Although melatonin shows promise as an adjuvant treatment for canine behavioral problems, the existing evidence is predominantly based on case reports and anecdotal experiences. To establish evidence-based dose guidelines, long-term efficacy, and safety profiles, thorough randomized controlled trials in dogs are essential.